A1 provides a general introduction to archaeology. Using case studies from across the globe, students are introduced to key thresholds in the human past, including: the origins of the human species, the emergence of culture, the domestication of plants and animals, and the development of social inequalities and leadership. Further themes include the analysis of archaic states and early empires, in addition to the impact of writing systems and the appearance of cities.

Students will learn methods and techniques (how archaeologists recover information and artefacts) as well as theory (used to explain how and why change occurs in human societies). Students will gain an understanding of the diverse approaches used to think about the past, from ecological and evolutionary models, to current social theories and the post-colonial critique. The place of archaeological heritage in the modern world is also discussed. This paper is taught through a combination of lectures and practical sessions that give students opportunities to study artefacts from the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

A3 aims to provide a broad survey of the archaeology and history of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and to introduce the student to key themes and approaches in the study of these two regions. The paper provides outline histories of the regions and introduces the geography, archaeology, society, literature, belief systems and mortuary practices of these areas in the past.

The integration of archaeological, textual and artistic evidence as complementary sources for interpreting historical cultures is emphasised throughout. There will be two lectures per week, one on ancient Egypt and one on Mesopotamia, plus four seminars in which the two regions are compared.

Biological Anthropology takes a comparative approach to exploring human evolution and adaptation: comparisons between humans and other animals to understand human uniqueness and biological variation; comparisons across time to unravel the evolutionary history of hominins over the last 6–8 million years; investigating variation in human development and health, exploring the mechanisms that generate population differences today and in the past; and looking at individual behaviour in terms of evolution and adaptation and its underlying cognitive basis.

In this paper, students will gain a strong foundation in the field of Biological Anthropology, the processes and patterns of evolution, the way humans fit into the overall pattern of biodiversity, the way in which humans reproduce and grow in an ecological and social environment, and the challenges of living in different environments. Focus is on both the past and how we became human, and the present, with the biological challenges, such as health and disease, humans face today.

A series of three broad topics will be explored: Social Psychology, Applied Psychology, and Individual Differences. Within each topic, students will be introduced to specific research areas which contribute knowledge to those topics from different research perspectives. They will also see that psychology is a very broad science, full of debates, discrepancies and disagreements.

The paper will be assessed by a one-hour multiple choice examination in early Easter term and a written examination in Easter Term.

POL1 seeks to understand the practical and imaginative foundations of modern politics and the reaction and resistance to them. It is structured around set texts, chosen not because they represent a canon but because they engage with some of the fundamental questions of modern politics. The paper begins with the modern state. The modern state is a historically contingent political phenomenon but it has become the predominant basis on which political authority and power are constructed across the world today. The second part of the paper looks at representative democracy. It seeks to unpack the paradoxes of representative democracy as a form of government that rhetorically invokes the ‘rule of the people’ and the pursuit of the common good and yet gives power to those who are elected to office by seeking votes. The final part examines the coherence and persuasiveness of a number of political critiques of the modern state and representative democracy as well as the mortality of democratic politics and government. 

This paper will introduce students to both the international politics of the modern era and the sub-discipline of International Relations. After completing the paper, students should have a foundation of knowledge about both the substance of historical and current international politics, and the scholarship and theories that have been developed to explain it. 

The broad approach in this paper is global and historical. Global because the paper tries to take a somewhat wider view than the traditional exclusive focus on Europe and the West. Historical because although much of the second half of the paper is concerned with contemporary topics in international politics, relative to most introductory International Relations papers, the coverage of this one begins earlier, around 1500. The rationale for this wider geographic and historical scope is that International Relations scholarship should be able to explain past as well as present conflict, order and conceptions of justice within but also beyond the West. The historical orientation of the paper also fits with the general teaching orientation in POLIS, which often takes a historical perspective.  

Given this wider scope, however, the paper is inevitably selective rather than exhaustive in its coverage. Being an introduction, the paper is meant to whet students’ appetites and help them decide, as they advance to Part II of the Tripos, what they wish to focus on – such as, for instance, international organizations, international law, gender, race, development, political theory, international sociology, international political economy, or a specific geographical region. 

In SAN1, you will learn how anthropologists study, analyse, and theorise about the immense variety of forms of social life they have found across the world: how such taken-for-granted categories as gender, family, sexuality, economy, and the state are subject to radical cultural variation, and how everyday matters such as food, clothing, work, and trade may be bound up with religious and other symbolic meanings.

You will also learn about the main kinds of social theory developed by anthropologists in response to the challenge of understanding this diversity, and about the distinctive forms of ethnographic field research anthropologists use in order to gain close, first-hand knowledge of the societies they study.

This paper addresses the methods, ethical considerations, and representational issues of ethnographic research. The paper has two aims:

To support students to develop the skills necessary to produce their own ethnographic research and writing 
To support students to develop the skills necessary to assess and interpret secondary ethnographic research 
The paper provides practical training in research methods; considers the relationship between research and writing; interrogates the ethical and political dimensions of ethnography; explores the role of comparison both within and between ethnographies; considers the relationship between anthropology and the ethnographic method.

The paper combines lectures in different aspects of ethnography, alongside seminars that focus on two ethnographies read in their entirety. These seminars encourage students to think about issues of representation and literary style, in relationship to questions of method, ethics and analysis.

Undergraduate students: please note that this paper is intended for HSPS Part I and Part IIA students on the single-track Social Anthropology degree. Students who intend to complete a Social Anthropology dissertation in IIB are strongly advised to take this paper. 

The course introduces students to the discipline of sociology in two parts. In Michaelmas, students are acquainted with core sociological concepts (such as class, bureaucracy, solidarity, power, and social change) through a critical engagement with the ideas of four central figures in modern sociological thought: Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim and W.E.B. Du Bois. Towards the end of Michaelmas and throughout Lent, we build on the foundations laid by the classical theorists and develop a systematic analysis of key aspects of modern societies including the modern state and the rise of nationalism; citizenship and the welfare state; the media and public life; class and inequality; gender and sexual divisions; race and ethnicity; power relations; revolution and war; ideology and intellectuals. We conclude with a broader reflection on the changing nature of society in our contemporary age.